Abstract
The occurrence of focal lesions in the thyroid gland affects up to 65% of the general population, and an important element of diagnostics is the most precise possible distinction between benign and malignant lesions. Despite advanced knowledge and developed algorithms, in some cases the decision to proceed further may cause problems even for an experienced clinician. A promising tool in estimating oncological risk is sonoelastography. This article aims to approximate and organize knowledge in this field in relation to focal lesions of the thyroid gland and to encourage the implementation of the method in everyday practice.
References
(1) Durante C, Grani G, Lamartina L, et al. The Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Nodules: A Review. JAMA. 2018; 319(9):914-924. DOI:10.1001/jama.2018.0898.
(2) Hegedüs L. Clinical practice. The thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 2004; 351(17):1764-1771, Bessey LJ, Lai NB, Coorough NE, Chen H, Sippel RS. The incidence of thyroid cancer by fine needle aspiration varies by age and gender. J Surg Res 2013; 184(2):761-765,
(3) Lin JD, Chao TC, Huang BY, Chen ST, Chang HY, Hsueh C. Thyroid cancer in the thyroid nodules evaluated by ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration cytology. Thyroid 2005; 15(7):708-717.
(4) Ali SZ, Cibas ES, editors. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. Definitions, Criteria and Explanatory Notes. New York, NY, USA: Springer 2010. DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-87666-5.
(5) Grani G, Lamartina L, Valeria A, et al. Reducing the Number of Unnecessary Thyroid Biopsies While Improving Diagnostic Accuracy: Toward the "Right" TIRADS. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019 Jan; 104(1):95-102. DOI:10.1210/jc.2018-01674.
(6) Mazzaferri EL. Management of a solitary thyroid nodule. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:553-559. DOI:10.1056/NEJM199302253280807.
(7) Ophir J, Céspedes I, Ponnekanti H, et al. Elastography: A Quantitative Method for Imaging the Elasticity of Biological Tissues. Ultrasonic Imaging 2001; 13(2), 111-134. DOI:10.1177/016173469101300201.
(8) Andrej L, Tatsuya H, Ryo A, et al. Thyroid gland tumor diagnosis at US elastography. Radiology 2005; 237(1):202-211. DOI:10.1148/radiol.2363041248.
(9) Zhao CK, Xu HX. Ultrasound elastography of the thyroid: principles and current status. Ultrasonography 2019; 38(2):106-124. DOI: 10.14366/usg.18037.
(10) Ophir J, Cespedes I, Ponnekanti H, et al. Elastography: a quantitative method for imaging the elasticity of biological tissues. Ultrason Imaging 1991; 13:111-134. DOI:10.1177/ 016173469101300201.
(11) Rago T, Santini F, Scutari M, et al. Elastography: new developments in ultrasound for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:2917-2922. DOI:10.1210/jc.2007-0641.
(12) Asteria C, Giovanardi A, Pizzocaro A, Cozzaglio L, Morabito A, Somalvico F, et al. US-elastography in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Thyroid 2008; 18:523-531. DOI:10.1089/thy.2007.0323.
(13) Xu JM, Xu XH, Xu HX, et al. Conventional US, US elasticity imaging, and acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for prediction of malignancy in thyroid nodules. Radiology 2014; 272:577-586. DOI:10.1148/radiol.14132438.
(14) Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid 2016; 26:1-133. DOI:10.1089/thy.2015.0020.
(15) Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi Medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules: 2016 update. Endocr Pract 2016; 22:622-639. DOI:10.4158/EP161208.GL.
(16) Cosgrove D, Barr R, Bojunga J, Cantisani V, Chammas MC, Dighe M, et al. WFUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography: part 4. Thyroid. Ultrasound Med Biol 2017; 43:4-26. DOI:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.06.022.
(17) Jarząb B, Dedecjus M, Słowińska-Klencka D, et al. Guidelines of Polish National Societies diagnostics and treatment of thyroid carcinoma 2018 Update. Endokrynol Pol 2018; 69:34-74. DOI:10.5603/EP.2018.0014.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.